The Democratic Peace Theory - 954 Words

The democratic peace theory was not always seen as the substantial argument and significant contribution to the field of International Relations that it is today. Prior to the 1970’s, it was the realist and non-realist thought that took preeminence in political theoretical thinking. Though the democratic peace theory was first criticized for being inaccurate in its claim that democracy promotes peace and as such democracies do not conflict with each other, trends, statistical data, reports have suggested and proved that the democratic peace theory is in fact valid in its claim. Over the years having been refined, developed and amended, it is now most significant in explaining modern politics and it is easy to accept that there is indeed a†¦show more content†¦There are also different levels of analysis when it comes to the democratic peace theory. On one hand the there is a ‘dyadic’ which refers to democratic states have good and peaceful relations with other democratic states while the opposite is true of their relations with non-democratic states. Secondly there is a ‘monadic’ way of analyzing the democratic peace theory. In this case, democracies are peaceful states overall and will only go into conflict with democratic or undemocratic states when threatened or under attack. Immanuel Kant’s work is often said to be the starting point of the democratic peace theory. In his essays, he proposes his peace plan by listing out six preliminary articles which he argued were steps that had to be taken immediately. He also listed three definitive articles which included that the civil constitution of every state should be republican, that the law of nations shall be founded on a federation of free states and lastly that the law of world citizenship shall be limited to conditions of universal hospitality, upon these, the foundation of peace could be built. Although Immanuel Kant never mentioned ‘democracy’ per say, his ideas were very similar to ideas that pertain to democracy. He referred to republican states which were to be representative governments and where there was a separation of powers. An issue thatShow MoreRelatedEssay about The concept of the Democratic Peace Theory1763 Words   |  8 Pages Democratic Peace Theory The concept of the Democratic Peace Theory is based on the idea that whether states are likely to go to war or choose peace depends on the type of political system they have. There are three sub divisions 1) Monadic; Democracies that tend to be generally peaceful and are not likely to go to war, although people (can you identify people) who argue this only examine the years 1960-1970. 2) Dyadic; This version is the most accepted amongst theorists, very peaceful among oneRead MoreDemocratic Peace Theory1319 Words   |  6 Pagesto pick and choose their friends and enemies. Preventing conflict between two democracies or countries that practice democracy is called Democratic Peace Theory. However, research has begun to show that Democratic Peace Theory is ineffective and needs to be brought to an end as a model for how international relations are formed or destroyed. Democratic Peace Theory needs to be abolished as a support for forming foreign policy between democracies because of the burden placed on both parties to comeRead MoreThe Theory Of Democratic Peace2860 Words   |  12 PagesThe Theory of Democratic Peace has been a topic of much debate over the years. Why is this? There are many opinions on this theory and many questions are raised when speaking about it. The argument that I pose is, is there such a thing as democratic peace? In order to address my arg ument and in order to critically analyse Democratic Peace Theory, this piece of academic writing will look at a variety of causes that some theorists’ state are behind the Democratic Peace Theory and will look at the differentRead MoreDemocratic Peace Theory2212 Words   |  9 PagesThe democratic peace theory was not always seen as the substantial argument and significant contribution to the field of International Relations that it is today. Prior to the 1970’s, it was realist and non-realist thought that took preeminence in political theoretical thinking. Though the democratic peace theory was first criticized for being inaccurate in its claim that democracy promotes peace and as such democracies do not conflict with each other, trends, statistical data, reports have suggestedRead MoreTheory of Democratic Peace2965 Words   |  12 PagesPolitical Science 23 April 2013 Final Paper Theory of Democratic Peace The idea of democratic peace was brought up in the enlightened era. The theory of democratic peace was based off of Immanuel Kant’s â€Å"Perpetual Peace.† The theory of democratic peace argues that nation-states governed by democratic regimes do not tend to have conflicts with other countries that would lead to wars. With this theory, it shows that nation-states with a democratic rule are more likely to not go to war with otherRead MorePeace Among States: The Democratic Peace Theory Essay525 Words   |  3 Pagesknown to contribute to peace among states are very controversial. Some of the well-known factors to affect how peaceful states are with one another is the type of regime a state is under and whether they are in possession of nuclear weapons, ironically. According to the democratic peace theory, â€Å"democracies rarely, if ever, enter into war against each other† (Chan, 59). They are more likely to wage war with non-democratic states such as communi st states, rather than a democratic one. Therefore thisRead MoreEssay about Democratic Peace Theory3056 Words   |  13 Pageswritings of Immanuel Kant over two hundred years ago in essay ‘On Perpetual Peace’, however, only in the early 1980s and with the writings of Michael Doyle was the idea consolidated. According to Doyle and other advocates of the democratic peace theory, liberal democratic states have been able to maintain peaceful relations amongst themselves, but are prone to wage war against non-democratic regimes. In order to prove this theory, vast databases have been constructed of historical dyadic relationshipsRead MoreThe Struggle Of Democratic Peace796 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough countries in South America are not democratic for most of the last century, it has the fewest inter-state wars there, which can be explained by geopolitics with balance-of-power, the trade-off between benefits and costs, and relations among countries in this area. According to the theory of Democratic Peace, since democratic leaders have a larger wining coalitions, in order to keep in office, they need to gain support from selectorate, and â€Å"democratic leaders facing with war are more inclinedRead MoreNot So Unlikely : Total World Peace1071 Words   |  5 PagesNot so Unlikely Total world peace may not be such a radical expectation for the next century s generations. A world filled with cooperation and progressivism from all individuals is arguably just around the corner as humans approach such a strange and peaceful times. As history unfolds there is a substantial drop in the trendiness of wanting to kill one another for resources, political differences and proving a point; which can all also be attributed to the increase in population in relation theRead MoreCriticisms Of Kant s Perpetual Peace1304 Words   |  6 PagesImmanuel Kant outlines a number of articles that he hypothesises could lead towards a perpetual peace. There are many criticisms of Kant’s perpetual peace, many argue that it is to idealistic and utopian. However, Kant doesn’t deny these claims. Instead Kant argues that if this ‘perpetual peace’ is even a remote possibility then for the good of mankind, we have a duty to try make it a reality. For perpetual peace to be worth pursuing, it needs to be remotely possible. In order for it to be possible it

Argumentative Essay On Tobacco - 1049 Words

Although many claim the opposite smoking tobacco has been proved scientifically to be addictive. Addiction is when a person is physically and mentally dependent on a particular substance and is unable to stop taking it without incurring unpleasant effects. Once the body tastes nicotine the addictive chemical found in cigarettes it craves for more. Nicotine creates a pleasurable feeling that appeals to the smoker. However, since nicotine is the only addictive drug in tobacco if extracted from tobacco then tobacco wont be addictive. Each cigarette contains 10 milligrams of nicotine drug, but a person only inhales 1 to 2 milligrams of that nicotine which is still enough to cause addiction. The effects of nicotine start to diminish within a†¦show more content†¦This paper discusses the long-term effects of using nicotine effects on brain social implications and gives details about death rates among people who use tobacco. According to research, nicotine produces mood-altering ef fects in a person’s brain which are temporally pleasing. Sometime back one of my friends who were a regular smoker claimed to feel good and motivated to do any task after he smoked. Although he later on stopping smoking he always said that smoking was the best thing that had happened in his life. I, later on, discovered that the reason behind his happy mood after taking a puff was contributed by nicotine, which triggered his brain to produce a happy feeling. Use of nicotine is said to cause several social influences. For instance, smoking plays an integral part in starting a conversation among smokers. A conversation is normally started as a smoker asks for a light or a cigarette. In addition, it is also difficult for a person to quit his/her friends whom they smoke together. Some of the long-term effects of smoking include sleep disorders irritability, lack of concentration severe headaches and anxiety. Pure nicotine is said to be extremely poisonous and it can cause death. Currently, use of nicotine is said to be causing the highest number of deaths in the United States. It causesShow MoreRelatedEssay Smoking Tobacco Smoking811 Words   |  4 Pagesof Tobacco Smoking among the Students of Puntod National High School: A Basis for Preventative Measure To Deter Student from Smoking ï » ¿CHAPTER 1 The Problem Introduction The use of tobacco is not a recent phenomenon. It has been said that tobacco plants have grown in North and South America since 6,000 B.C.1. It was also believed that tobacco had many healing qualities which made its use widespread2. In the 17th... Premium 14136 Words 57 Pages Smoking Tobacco smokingRead MoreAssignment On Income Inequality : Extinction Of The American Dream885 Words   |  4 PagesMy intension for all of my essay assignments during this semester were to have strong supporting examples for the thesis statements, use proper grammar, and choose good advanced words to show more professional mind. With good advises from Smarthinking tutors, my dad, and my peers, I have progressed my papers toward better essays. I have saved my papers individually as I corrected them to show the progressions. In my argumentative essay, Income Inequality: Extinction of the American Dream, I usedRead MoreBanning The Advertising Of Tobacco Use906 Words   |  4 Pagesn this essay, I will discuss the positives and negatives related to countries banning the advertising of tobacco use, the complexities of the argument, finished with my own perspective. This is a highly argumentative debate that countries of the free world have argued for several decades. I’ll start by explaining the dangers of smoking tobacco. According to the Center of Disease Control (CDC) in the United States of America, tobacco use contributes cancers of and not limited to: Read MoreArgumentive Essay1121 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Argumentative Essay Legalization of Marijuana Ashley Bassett Eng. 1301 Instructor: Pam Hesser pg.1 The recreational use of Marijuana should be legalized. According to the New York Times The social costs of the marijuana laws are vast. There were 658,000 arrests for marijuana possession in 2012, according to F.B.I. Figures compared with 256,000 for cocaine, heroin and their derivatives. Even worse, the result is racist, falling disproportionately on youngRead MoreShhh Essay2170 Words   |  9 PagesJune 13th Percentage of Final Grade: 10% Objective: Write a summary of Crystal’s essay â€Å"2B or not 2B.† Use a template from They Say, I Say to begin your summary. Make appropriate rhetorical â€Å"moves,† such as integrating quotes, choosing strong verbs, and using effective transitions. Most importantly, demonstrate that you understand the what, how, and why: (1) What is the main argument or â€Å"gist† of Crystal’s essay? (2) How does Crystal develop/ support/ illustrate this argument? (3) Why, accordingRead MoreWhy Marijuana Should Be Legal960 Words   |  4 Pagesto allow any and every individual the right to purchase cannabis because there is no reason to arrest otherwise law abiding citizens. I strongly believe these tactics are used solely as a revenue generator for local municipalities. In this argumentative essay I hope to explain why cannabis can and should be legalized. The reason I believe marijuana should be legal is that there is no decent reason for it not to be legalized. Some people ask why should marijuana be legalized? but I ask Why shouldn’tRead MoreJuveniles Being Tried as Adults1057 Words   |  5 Pageseven â€Å"kids† under the age of sixteen are engaging in these vicious acts. When a child comes of age, they advance to being able to enjoy but not abuse adult liberties. Adolescents attain a numerous freedoms like the right to vote, buy a home, and buy tobacco goods and alcohol, however most importantly they become responsible for their behavior. Many aren’t aware of the temptations that come about once the age of maturity is reached. The mature criminal justice system is not meant to meet the desires ofRead MoreArgumentative Essay on Cigarette Smoking1812 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Cigarette smoking in the Philippines should be banned because it poses a great threat to the health of the family members† Argumentative essay I. Introduction A. It has been an increasing concern about the effects of smoking in the family. B. Cigarette smoking not only affects the smoker but also the others around the smoker. II. Body (Discuss the issue) A. Smoking is mostly caused by sociocultural factors. * They smoke to gain adult status. * They smoke to conformRead MoreArgumentative Essay : The Legalization Of Marijuana1293 Words   |  6 PagesArgumentative Essay: The Legalization of Marijuana in the United States Should we legalize marijuana? That is an excellent question. First, we must explore the history of Cannabis. Cannabis was introduced to the United States in the 1600’s, first encouraged by the federal government for domestic hemp production, cannabis soon became a required crop for farmers to grow. Hemp was recognized for its medical benefits and was the main fiber used in industrial textiles. Marijuana thrived until the earlyRead MoreContemporary Moral Issue Essay2709 Words   |  11 Pages philosophical essays, and book excerpts, all of which will be posted on Blackboard (http://blackboard.wm.edu). Goals of the Course: By taking Contemporary Moral Issues, students will: learn how to read difficult philosophical texts and gain an understanding and appreciation of important arguments in the field; learn how to express their thoughts in writing clearly and concisely (students will have the opportunity to attain this goal through response papers, quizzes and essays); learn how to

Sci/256 Week 2 Discussion Question free essay sample

Identify a natural ecosystem in which you live or one near to where you live? How does this ecosystem support you? At what trophic level are you? Why? An ecosystem (2011), according to Merriam Webster Learners Dictionary, is everything that exists in a particular environment. An ecosystem includes living things, such as plants and animals, and things that are not living, such as rocks, soil, sunlight, and water. One such example of a natural ecosystem is the George Mitchell Nature Preserve in Creekside Village in the Woodlands, TX. Thewoodlandstx. com (2011) website illustrates that the George Mitchell Nature Preserve is part of the Montgomery County Spring Creek Greenway, which will connect and protect up to 12,000 acres of forest on both sides of Spring Creek. The Mitchell Preserve covers nearly 1,700 acres, and opened on October 19th, 2007. The natural ecosystem of this nature preserve can support humans in many ways. For example, the Spring Creek watershed currently contains tens of thousands of acres of bottomland hardwood forest and various edible plants. We will write a custom essay sample on Sci/256 Week 2 Discussion Question or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It also provides homes to wildlife, creates recreation opportunities such as hiking and biking trails, reducing flooding, and improving air quality (Montgomery County Precinct 3, 2011). Not to mention, the preserve increases real estate values and community pride, reduces pollution, and lowers air temperature. Second, wildlife in the nature preserve offers many to take the chance to bird watch. The forests along Spring Creek provide a crucial stopover point for migratory songbirds, where they can rest and refuel after crossing the Gulf of Mexico on their annual spring migration from Central and South America (Montgomery County Precinct 3, 2011). Many species of fish live in the lake year-round including catfish, crappie, and bass. White bass migrate through during springtime, and all are available for fishing. Last, the preserve offers an exceptional educational benefit. Several elementary, middle, and high schools have taken field trips learning about Spring Creek, the preserve, nature, and the benefits it has to offer to the public. A trophic level (2011) according to Encyclopedia Britannica, is a step in the nutritive series, or food chain, in the ecosystem. We as humans eat plants and animals, also considered omnivores. This in terms puts us at the third trophic level. However, several humans who are vegan would be considered second trophic level consumers because they eat only produce. Though it may sound simple, the food chains and food webs are often complex and difficult to analyze. The ecosystem is natural and living. As humans, we are as very much a part of the ecosystem as plants and animals, along with other organisms and bacteria. Although we expend plants and animals as third trophic level consumers and depend on them for survival, we must also take into consideration that the first, second, and fourth trophic level consumers also rely on the ecosystem for survival as well. Thus meaning ecosystems are essential for all life on earth. References Ecosystem. ( 2011). In Merriam Webster Learners Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www. learnersdictionary. com/search/ecosystem Montgomery County Precinct 3. (2011). Spring Creek Greenway. Retrieved from http://www. springcreekgreenway. org/the_creek. htm Thewoodlandstx. com. (2011). The Woodlands TX. Retrieved from http://www. thewoodlandstx. com/parks/george-mitchell-nature-preserve. php Trophic Level. ( 2011). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/606492/trophic-level

Is war ever justifiable Essays - Laws Of War,

Is war ever justifiable? War is sometimes justifiable. It is sometimes justifiable because it depends on what your intentions are and how you go about executing them. If you were to go to war to get more land or going on a witch hunt that would be unjust but if you were going to war to stop people that are doing those things it would be more just. War is justifiable because it can be used for good when done right. If a country went to war so they could help people or even save them. WW2 was justifiable for the side fighting against Germany because it was to save the Jews and all the other people that were being killed. Also, in WW1 war was justifiable for England because they were fighting against Germany that was trying to expand their land and were taking over countries so England was just trying to help the people that were being effected by what Germany was doing. War is not justifiable because it kills so many people, destroys cities, and even countries. It is not justifiable because if you go to war just because you want more land or more/ different resources because to many people die for that but they don't have to, they could just negotiate with other countries for those things. It's not justifiable to go to war if it's trying to gain world power, because not once has that ever worked and too many people die for a cause that's not going to work. If you're going to war to be a dictator the people don't want that and will most likely cause a uprising and country's will stop helping you so it will cause economic struggle. War is never justifiable because even if you're going to war to help people like in WW2, fighting against Germany and helping the Jews there is still going to be hundreds of thousands of people that are killed in the war even if you are doing it for the right reasons. It is never justifiable because when there's war it costs millions and sometimes billions of dollars and in world war one Germany had to pay it all and all that it did was get Germany mad because it put them in a very bad economic situation and they wanted revenge which caused World War 2. In conclusion war is sometimes justifiable because it depends what your intentions, if you have means of evil, also who and what you're fighting against. There are some very good reasons to go to war and they can be very justifiable. But there is also some very bad, evil, and all round unjustifiable reasons to go to war.

buy custom Congenital Disorders essay

buy custom Congenital Disorders essay Mutation refers to the process whereby theres a sudden change in a given cell. This change happens spontaneously. It is the permanent change in the hereditary material of an organisms life. A genes DNA sequence determines the way an organism looks like, how it behaves and the organisms physiological make-up. Therefore, a change in the DNA sequence will result in the alteration of various aspects of an organisms life. Mutation causes an alteration in the amino acid sequence of the protein that undergoes genetic encoding. Very many different types of mutations are in existence, they range from chromosomal mutations to single base pair alteration of a DNA sequence. The occurrence of mutation in genes may prevent the synthesis of a particular protein or may cause a change in the proteins level of expression if found in gene promoter areas (Leitner, 2004). If within a gene mutation occurs close to the splice regions in introns, an incorrect protein will be produced and the process of splicing will be disrupted. Most changes however are repaired quickly by the use of the DNA repair system. In cases where this repair system fails to efficiently repair the mutation that has taken place, there have been some diverse outcomes; strong and fit organisms as well as a number of genetic disorders in some cases. Thalidomide It is a drug that was first introduced as a sedative that was sold to people over the counter. It is mostly used to treat myeloma. Later on pregnant women started using it to combat dizziness, insomnia, anxiety and morning sickness unaware of the effects it had on their fetuses. It is also used for the treatment of leprosy. Thalidomide intake would lead to a number of birth defects for pregnant women. The drug worked by altering new blood vessels process of growth and development in a developing baby, thus the birth defects. As a drug, thalidomide is being experimented by scientists for the treatment of various serious illnesses and disorders. So far there has been a good response as regards its use in the treatment of severe cases of ulcers of the throat and of the mouth, especially in people living with AIDS and for the treatment of ulcers of the genitals and mouth among Behcet patients. The drug was approved in the treatment of multiple myeloma and erythema nodosum leprosum. However, caution has been taken to ensure it is not made available or diagnosed to women who are expectant (Williams, 2011). Birth defects Thalidomide as a drug was associated with neuropathy and teratogenicity. During its development, the drug was not thought of being able to pass through the placental barrier between the mother and her developing fetus to cause harm to the fetus. However, the drug had several effects on the developing fetus making the babies to be born with several deformities that included phocomelia, aplasia, and genital malformation among others. For instance, a baby would be born with a normal head, a normal trunk and shortened limbs or at times lack limbs. Other problems that might result include kidney abnormalities, small eyes or absence of eyes altogether, heart defects, mental retardation, facial paralysis, malformation of the ears and of the digestive tract and even gastrointestinal abnormalities. Mechanism The working of thalidomide is a process that has not fully been understood by many people. It is thought of as being the mechanism that leads to the inhibition of TNF-alpha. By enhancing the process of TNF-alpha mRNA degradation Thalidomide reduces the production of TNF-alpha. The immune system too gets affected by Thalomides action such that the surface adhesion molecules on epidermal cells and endothelial cells are controlled. Down regulation of key histocompatibility antigens that are also found on these cells also takes place as a result. The end result of all this is therefore a reduction in the T-helper cells flowing, an increase in the T-suppressor cells in circulation and modification of the integrin receptors together with other receptors. Generally the mechanism of thalidomide is regarded as being linked to the properties of angiogenesis. People have therefore assumed that the drug works by reducing TNF-alpha production, modulating integrins, changing the ratio of T-cell derived cytokines, regulating the production of interleukin and angiogenesis inhibition. Teratogenic effects As earlier mentioned, Thalidomide causes birth defets when it is used by pregnant mothers. Phocomelia which is characterized by failure of the development of long bones in the limbs as well as other deformities such as eye defects, gastrointestinal disorders, external ear malformation and malformations of the digestive tract might also occur. Cyclopamine (Cyclops) Hedgehog signaling Cyclopamine is a chemical belonging to the alkaloids steroidal jerveratrum and is known to occur naturally. It is known to cause serious birth defects as a teratogen. It can cause holopresencephaly, a situation in which the fetal brain is prevented from undergoing division so that there are two lobes. It works by suppressing the hedgehog gene causing this and the development of only one eye. It influences the balance between the inactive and active types of the smoothened protein leading to the inhibition of the hedgehog signaling pathway. Birth defects, mechanism and teratogenic effects The resulting effects of cyclopamine include craniofacial malformations, malformation of an organisms skeletal structure and malformations of the tracheal system. Craniofacial defects are said to be as a result of the blockage of the sonic hedgehog signaling thus inhibiting normal movement of the cell in the developing embryo. Both veratrum californicum and cyclopamine-4-ene-3-one steroidal alkaloids affect the maturation of the oocyte and thus interfere with the subsequent development process of the embryo. Currently, scientists are investigating cyclopamine for any abilities to treat multiple myeloma, rhabdomyosarcoma, medulloblastoma and basal cell carcinoma. In its mechanism, cyclopamine inhibits the hedgehog signaling pathway within cells (US National Library of Medicine, 2011). This pathway is important to the cells in that it can be used by them to be able to respond to any chemical signs from outside. Incase this pathway is interfered with; the process of embryonic development will be affected thus leading to certain deformities. It has thus been established that cyclopamine can be used to turn around certain problems and provide a treatment for a number of diseases, for example cancer. Teratogens These refer to any agents that are capable of causing disturbance to the embryonic or fetal development thus leading to birth defects in the infant. It is also possible that a teratogen can out rightly halt a given pregnancy. Teratogens can be classified into drugs, maternal infections, radiation and chemicals. Pregnant women should be careful not to use unnecessary drugs or even alcohol as these might have teratogenic effects that will interfere with the development of the embryo in their wombs. In certain instances, the medication diagnosed to a pregnant mother to treat certain complications might also be a teratogen. Care should thus be taken especially by the health specialist to provide an alternative treatment where possible. Lactating mothers might also expose their children to the dangers of teratogens through breastfeeding since some of them can be passed through breast milk. The best solution in such a case is the use of formula feeding. Williams (2011) asserts that during gestation, teratogens are known to work with specificity by causing specific types of abnormalities during specific periods. A case in point is carbamazepine that causes neural tube defects whereas thalidomide leads to limb phocomelia in an infant. Certain drugs such as aspirin are not teratogenic when used by humans but have teratogenic effects on rats and mice. Thalidomide on the other hand has a different effect on the different species. It was found out that Thalidomide was not teratogenic in rats, no wonder its effect on humans was overlooked leading to tragic outcomes that involved human morbidity. Only when sufficient amounts of teratogenic substances are able to reach the developing conceptus that the teratogenic effects can be felt. Factors affecting the transfer of teratogens across the placenta to the embryonic-fetal bloodstream and subsequently cause teratogenic effects include the solubility of lipids, molecular weights of the substances, the availability of a given protein carrier and polarity (Leitner, 2004). The resultant effect of a teratogen is dependent upon the stage of development within which the embryo is exposed to the substance. Generally, in humans, teratogenicity is determined by the existence of the teratogen during organogenesis of the organ system in question, the presence of a recognizable sequence of anomalies, statistically higherr level of prevalence of a certain abnormality within those exposed to the teratogen than in the controls, prior to the teratogens introduction within a population theres a lower level of the anomalys occurrence and the facilitation of teratogenicity in experimental animals through the administration of the teratogen during organogenesis. Cancer Cancer falls under a large group of diseases marked by the growth and proliferation of abnormal cells as a result of uncontrolled cell division. Tumors are caused by the growth of these cells into masses of tissue. Normal tissues are destroyed after they have been invaded by cancer cells. Cancer is known to be a genetic sickness caused by mutations that take place in somatic cells due to mutagens that damage the DNA. Genetic Mutations usually cause conversion of a number of normal genes that are involved in the growth, development and differentiation of the cells into oncogenes that cause cancer. Cancer can also be caused by the knocking out of suppressor genes by genetic mutations. Cancer is caused by a multi-step process that is characterized by the interaction of genes and the environment they are exposed to. Cancer cells spread within an organisms body through local growth of the cancerous tumor and the detachment of a number of cells which then travel via the lymphatic system and the blood to other body parts to develop other tumors there. Metastasis which is the proliferation of cancer cells may be localized in one part of the body. However, the lack of treatment might cause the cancer cells to spread further to other body parts and thus affect the entire body and lead to death. For a cell to become cancerous, it must undergo the process of activation of five key pathways that include the growth stimulatory signals, growth inhibitory signals, apoptosis resistance, infinite proliferative capacity and angiogenic latent. Generally, cancer is an environmental disease caused by such factors as radiation, tobacco, environmental pollutants and diet accompanied by a genetic influence. These environmental factors are known to affect the genetic make up of the cells thus causing abnormalities. A given percentage of cancer is usually hereditarily inherited. The good thing however is that there is a number of treatments for this condition, for example chemotherapy, surgery and even radiotherapy. According to www.medicalnewstoday.com (2000) depending on the type of cell a given tumor resembles, cancer can be classified into sarcoma, blastoma, carcinoma, lymphoma and germ cell tumor. Blastoma is common in small children and occurs in immature embryonic tissue. Carcinoma is linked to epithelial cells and includes prostate cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer and colon cancer. Sarcoma cancer on the other hand is associated with mesenchymal cells whereas lymphoma cancer is derived from blood forming cells known as hematopoietic cells specifically starting from the immune system. The cancer found in the ovarian and testicle regions among adults is the germ cell tumor. It also occurs in small children and is usually derived from pluripotent cells. Hanahan (2000) explains that symptoms of this disease are dependent on the cancer type and its location in the human body. For example, in the case of colon cancer, the symptoms include blood in the stool, diarrhea and constipation. Certain kinds of cancer may completely lack symptoms while others may have symptoms that apparently can not be seen physically. Since the body energy is usurped by cancer cells to an extent that the normal hormonal function is interfered with, an individual would experience symptoms such as anemia, weight loss, fever and excessive sweating. When metastasis occurs certain newer symptoms can be observed in the region affected. Seizures, vertigo and headache might result if this cancer gets to the brain. Conclusion Though much information about genetic mutation is not yet out, basically it is known to involve the change in the genetic sequence of an organism. Various factors such as exposure to chemicals, viruses and radiations might cause genetic mutation during hyper mutation and meiosis processes. Teratogenic effects such as birth defects and other abnormalities can result due to the alteration of the DNA sequence in an individuals body. These might be due to chemicals such as drugs that one is exposed to, for example the effect Thalidomide has on individuals. Cyclopamine too is a chemical that affects the DNA sequence in an organism thus causing certain undesirable characteristics to occur. Buy custom Congenital Disorders essay

Question and Case Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Question and Case Analysis - Assignment Example ing Aoki is manufacturing to China, Mexico, or Eastern Europe, the company must first carry out thorough scanning to understand the political and economic laws in these countries. China has religious law, which may not affect Aoki firm greatly in its operations. China and Mexico do have a mixed economy where both government intervention and market mechanisms operate. The Chinese government encourages foreign investors as compared to Mexico and Eastern Europe states. In Mexico, businesses are marred with violence thus discouraging investments. Nonetheless, there is socialism system of government in some parts of Eastern Europe such as Russia that controls all economic and political matters. Most of the businesses bribe to acquire important documents such as licenses and there are increased crimes and killings that involve seizing of individual businesses. Russia and some countries in Eastern Europe do not have a strong antipiracy law hence may weaken the business by manufacturing fake glasses as the ones manufactured by Aoki firm. Aoki Company should therefore consider manufacturing in China than in Mexico and Eastern Europe. Aoki’s decision to sell its products to Latin America and Europe is welcomed due to political stability in these regions that comprises deeper application of civil law. There are also good quality infrastructures such as communication that may help in doing business. Furthermore, market forces are left to control trade hence democracy in trade and economic freedom. Aoki will be able to make economic decisions to facilitate its operations thus maximizing its profits. According to the American corporation policy, Aoki will repatriate a given percentage of its taxable profit to the home country. Emerging markets have a large number of middle class that provide a good market for commodities in their countries. The middle-income earners have enough disposable income that enable them purchase electronics. The ability to purchase electronics

Describe the Physiology and Pharmacology of Hypertension Essay

Describe the Physiology and Pharmacology of Hypertension - Essay Example 2005) (Mackay and Mensah 2004) (WHO 2002). It is found that treating hypertension had lead to 40 percents reduction of cerebral stroke and about 15 percents reduction of acute myocardial infarction (WHO 2002) (Colins et al. 1990). What is interesting data obtained globally in the world found that about 62 percents of cerebral insults and about 50 percents of ischemic heart morbidity can be attributed to sub-optimal regulated blood pressure (systolic pressure above 115 mmHg). This only means that blood pressure should be monitored more closely by trained and experienced physicians. However World health organization found that globally the ability to treat hypertension is variable with huge difference between the countries. In this survey conducted on 167 countries by the World health organization in 67 percents of them there was no national anti-hypertension program, physicians were not trained to manage hypertension in 45 percents of the countries, antihypertensive drugs were not ava ilable in 25 percents, basic equipment was not available in 8 percents etc. (Alwan et al. 2001). Hypertension is believed to be a disease of the modern society, but the prevalence of hypertension in developing countries, especially in the urban areas is now similar to the prevalence in western countries (Vorster 2002). This can be attributed to the modern day of life that is accepted in the developing countries because it is found that primitive people around the world have no hypertension and their blood pressure doesn’t elevate with age (Carvalho et al 1989). This is important because we can see that hypertension is a modifiable factor that is dependent on the lifestyle of the person and along with other modifiable factors like obesity, stress, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, alcohol intake, vitamin D deficiency and other factors. Hypertension however is the most important modifiable factor that can significantly influence the well being of the general population worldwide (K yrou et al. 2006) (Wofford and Hall 2004). Hypertension is defined as elevated systolic or diastolic pressure above the normal reference values. Normal blood pressure is systolic blood pressure lower that 120 mmHg and diastolic pressure lower that 80 mmHg The systolic pressure is recognized as normal in population above age 50 if it is not greater than 140 mmHg and systolic not greater than 90 mmHg. (Chobanian et al. 2003). There are two main types of hypertension primary and secondary hypertension. Secondary hypertension is responsible for only 5 percents of the incidence of hypertension worldwide (Chiong et al 2008). It is a condition where the elevated blood pressure is a result of some other morbidity within the organism that is treatable or non treatable and is the primary factor for elevated blood pressure. It is very important to distinguish between these two types because the treatment is much different. Secondary hypertension can be caused by variety of condition like disea se in endocrine system like Cushing’s disease where the adrenal glands produce excess cortisol (Dodt et al. 2009). Other condition that can lead to secondary hypertension is hyperthyroidism, where in order to treat the hypertension we will also need to treat the primary disease that is causing the elevated bloo